Slavery – Human & Otherwise

Slavery – Human & Otherwise

I recently saw the end of a segment on the nightly news that dealt

with modern day slavery in the Sudan and was surprised to hear

that slavery was still in existence anywhere to a substantial

degree. The part of the news piece that I saw showed some

grade school students in the Denver area who heard about this

problem from their teacher. The teacher, who had told her

students earlier that slavery was a thing of the past, wanted to

correct herself when she learned of the Sudan situation. The

students” response was, “What are we going to do about it?”

Amazingly, they did do something about it and began raising

enough money to actually buy the freedom of a number of slaves.

I searched the Web and found on pbs.org a story from May of last

year about these fourth grade students and it seems that over a

thousand slaves had their freedom purchased by the money they

raised! The money, according to the PBS story, was funneled

through an organization called Christian Solidarity International,

which buys the freedom in a clandestine manner from the northern

Sudanese slave traders at $50 a head! I”ll leave it to Brian

Trumbore to comment further on this whole subject. Some have

maintained that this approach only encourages slave trading,

certainly an arguable point.

My mother was born in Princess Anne, Maryland, where my

grandmother owned a rooming house just off the main street. In

the course of my Web browsing, I found an article from a

Maryland newspaper about a racial discrimination suit of a few

years ago in which the plaintiff worked in Princess Anne. What

intrigued me was mention in the article that, back in the days of

slavery, slaves were bought and sold just a couple blocks from the

office of the African-American plaintiff in the lawsuit. Not only

that, but the office was just a short distance from the tree upon

which a man was hanged in the last lynching in Princess Anne.

I believe that I had personal experience with that lynching. One

day in the 1930s, our family drove down from Pennsylvania to

visit my grandmother. We arrived in Princess Anne in the

afternoon to find along the main street a substantial number of

law officers of some sort, possibly state troopers, with guns.

They were there to make sure an event scheduled for that night

went smoothly, with no trouble. The scheduled event was the

lynching of a black man, I believe accused of raping a white girl.

My mother made sure I was in bed early that night, shielding me

from witnessing such a traumatic event. It turned out that the

lynch mob wanted to hang the fellow on my grandmother”s tree

but she, a wisp of a lady less than 5 feet tall, stood her ground and

refused to allow it. So, the mob found another tree, apparently

the tree mentioned in the recent article. For those African-

Americans impatient with the progress made in the field of civil

rights, it should be a comfort to know that at least such blatant

miscarriages of justice are no longer condoned.

Slavery is not unique to Homo sapiens. I was fascinated by an

article titled “Slave-Making Queens” in the November 1999 issue

of Scientific American. It turns out that over 200 species of ants

are slave owners in one form or another. The author of the article

is Dr. Howard Topoff, a professor in the psychology department

at Hunter College of C.U.N.Y. Obviously not your typical

psychologist, he has spent the last 15 years studying the ant

Polygerus breviceps. Let”s just call the ant Poly for short.

Judging from the pictures in the article, Poly is a red ant. Topoff

has studied extensively the evolution of social behavior in insects,

perhaps realizing that trying to figure out human social behavior

is really a lost cause!

The other ant species in the cast of characters is the Formica ant,

ironically, a black ant. The interaction of these two types of ants

is truly bizarre, rivaling anything human despots have contrived,

with battles, palace intrigue, murder and slavery. The battles

involve Poly ant raids on the nests of the Formicans. The

objective of these raids is the abduction by the Polys of Formican

pupae from the nest. The Polys carry the pupae back to their own

nests, where the pupae mature into full-blown Formican workers.

Not knowing any better, the young Formicans, finding themselves

in the Polys” nest, just assume that they too are Polys. Actually,

the real Polys aren”t cut out for tending to household chores such

as tidying up the nest, cooking (well, the equivalent – foraging for

food), feeding the young or tending the queen. The Formicans,

on the other hand, are hard workers and end up doing all these

chores for the nest as a whole. From the article, it seems as

though the Polys aren”t much good for anything but raiding

Formican nests. In fact, the Polys would perish without their

Formican slaves since they”ve completely lost the ability to fend

for themselves.

The palace intrigue involves the Poly and Formican queens.

During the Poly raids, the heat of battle seems to stir up the

passions and young Poly queens mate right there on the

battlefield! Apparently, they feel pretty euphoric after mating and

decide to head off to set up a new colony of their own.

When they”re far enough away from their home base, they find

another Formican nest and fight their way down into it. Once in a

while, this rambunctious behavior results in the Poly interloper

being torn to bits. However, the Poly queen is larger than the

Formican defenders and literally pushes them aside, aided by

some kind of insect repellent that she manufactures in her

abdomen. Once inside the nest, Queen Poly heads straight for

Queen Formica, who is about the same size as Poly. A battle

royal ensues. If Poly prevails, she has repeatedly bitten and licked

the wounds of the dying Formican queen for about 25 minutes.

Surprisingly, just a few seconds after their queen”s death, the

Formica workers suddenly become quite friendly towards Queen

Poly and start grooming her! At this point, she piles up the

Formican pupae, climbs up on top of the pile and voila! She has

taken over the nest. She can then go on to lay her own eggs,

which will be tended by her newfound willing subjects.

Why does she get away with this takeover? It seems that in the

course of battling and licking the fallen queen, the queenly

Formican scent is transferred to the Poly queen. The workers go

by the smell, not the looks of the queen. Topoff and his graduate

students have done experiments confirming this view. In one

experiment, they took the Formica queen out of the nest. When

Poly entered the nest this time, the smaller Formican defenders

mounted a concerted attack, pinned her down and killed her. In

another experiment to check out the scent hypothesis, a frozen

dead Formican queen was defrosted and the body was placed in

the nest just before sticking the Poly queen into the picture. As

predicted, Poly went right in and attacked the dead queen with all

the same biting and licking for about 25 minutes, as if Queen

Formica was still alive. The result was that the Formicans were

just as compliant as when the live queen was killed, confirming

that scent is the key.

The life of royalty is certainly precarious in the ant kingdom, or

more accurately, queendom. An interesting question – why, in the

insect world, are the queens always the dominant ones? Have

you ever heard of a king bee? While all red-blooded American

males were watching the football game for the national collegiate

championship, was I the only one watching the PBS Nova

program on honeybees? The poor male bees die upon mating

with the queen in flight, while the female worker bees work so

hard that they only live for about a month. The queen bee,

however, lives between one and four years, according to the

program. In the bee world, like in the ant world, the successful

queen has to be a murderer. When the queens are emerging from

their pupal stage, the first queen to hatch quickly searches out the

other queens still in their cells or the ones just emerging from

their cells and does her best to kill them all. If any remain, there

is a fight between the survivors. The fight shown on the program

ended in a draw, which meant that one queen had to leave the

hive with an entourage of bees from the hive. It wasn”t clear how

it was decided which queen had to leave.

But back to the ants, Topoff says that in a typical Poly ant colony

there may be 2,000 Polys and 3,000 Formicans. Topoff in the

end decides that perhaps “slavery” is not the appropriate term for

the relationship between the two types of ants. Rather, for the

young Formicans brought up in the Poly nests, the only family

they know is the Poly family. Furthermore, if other Formicans

should intrude on the Poly nest, the Poly-Formicans will respond

in an aggressive manner against the intruder Formicans. For these

reasons, Topoff suggests a better analogy to human behavior

would be “adoption”. The Formican workers carry out the same

behavior they would in the normal Formican nests so that life for

them is not significantly different than it would be in their normal

habitat.

Unfortunately, this point of view may leave our own species with

the distinction of inventing a form of slavery that certainly

imposes unacceptable penalties on those enslaved. At least we

can be heartened by the fact that, after the Columbine tragedy

near Denver, these young grade school students have shown

compassion and the ability to make a positive difference.

Sorry if this seems more of a political column than science but I

guess my childhood experience left a lasting impression that had

to come out sometime. Next week, perhaps we”ll consider

something more quirky, those pesky up, down and strange

quarks!

Allen F. Bortrum