The Iranian Revolution, Part I

The Iranian Revolution, Part I

Recent events in Iran may foretell a counterrevolution in this

volatile and strategically important country. So perhaps we

should take a look at the first Iranian Revolution.

On November 15, 1977, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza

Pahlavi, was with President Carter on the White House lawn

when Carter remarked, “He knows how to draw a crowd.” At

the time, tear gas was being fired by police at Iranian exiles

protesting the Shah”s visit. Carter went to Iran on New Year”s

Eve and said that His Majesty was beloved by his people for

maintaining an island of stability in one of the more troubled

areas of the world. Famous last words.

The Shah had been deposed back in the late 1940s and was then

reinstalled by a CIA-led coup in 1953. The Shah proceeded to

divest the clergy of vast landholdings, declared radical new

rights for women (including the right to vote and to attend

universities), and dramatically increased urbanization and

industrialization. A lot of this was only possible, however, by

the Shah obtaining extensive Western aid. The West coveted his

country”s oil and also saw Iran as a strategic bulwark against the

advance of the Soviet Union.

Meanwhile, back in the United States, it is important to

remember that as recently as 1950 the nation was self-sufficient

in energy. By the time Jimmy Carter was inaugurated the U.S.

was importing nearly 50 percent of its energy needs. Carter

declared “the moral equivalent of war” on energy, emphasizing

conservation. It was tough going for the “Cardigan” man.

Two years into Carter”s presidency, the oil cartel, OPEC,

delivered the second oil shock (the first being in 1973). The

Shah helped in OPEC”s efforts and prices doubled overnight. Oil

that was $1.50 a barrel in 1970 was now on the way to $32. It

was not a fun time in America. Double digit inflation, soaring

interest rates and unemployment. Americans realized just how

dependent the American system had become.

Against this backdrop, the Shah, accepted by the West, was not

loved back at home. His people were worried about the

headlong plunge to the Western ways. An Iranian newspaper

editor remarked of this time, “What does this Westernize-or-bust

program give us? Western banks, Western guns, Western secret

police, Western buildings. They are supposed to solve our

problems, but do they? I don”t think so.”

By 1978 there were 60,000 foreigners in Iran – 45,000 of them

Americans – engaged in business or in military training and

advisory missions. The Westernization in dress, life styles,

music, films and television programs was quite evident and this

foreign presence tended to intensify the perception that the

Shah”s modernization program was threatening the society”s

Islamic and Iranian cultural values and identity.

The Shah, in order to maintain control over his people, was

increasingly employing the secret police (Savak) to repress the

people and tales of brutality became well known in the West.

Widespread official corruption, rapid inflation, and a growing

gap in incomes between the wealthier and the poorer strata of

society also fed public dissatisfaction.

Initially, protests were primarily the work of middle-class

intellectuals, lawyers, and secular politicians. They took the

form of letters, resolutions, and declarations and were aimed at

the restoration of constitutional rule. Gradually, however, the

protests turned violent and were led by religious elements

centered on mosques and religious events. Carefully selected

targets that represented objectionable features of the regime were

selected: nightclubs and cinemas as symbols of moral corruption

and the influence of Western culture; banks as symbols of

economic exploitation; Rastakhiz (the party created by the Shah

in 1975 to run a one-party state) offices; and police stations as

symbols of political repression. The protesters attacked the Shah

and demanded his removal, and they depicted a man living back

in Paris, Ayatollah Khomeini, as their leader and an Islamic state

as their ideal.

Next Week, Part II of the Iranian Revolution.

[Source for some of this and future articles on this topic, “The

American Century” by Harold Evans and “The Century” by Peter

Jennings]