Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Part I

Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Part I

Alexander Solzhenitsyn (hereafter, “Sz.”) is one of the great

heroes of the 20th century. And as we watch events unfold in

Russia today, it”s important to remember his struggle. Perhaps

there are clues to the future of his native land. Perhaps there are

lessons to be learned.

Born in 1918, Sz. was sent to the Stalinist labor camps for 8 years

on trumped up charges of criticizing Stalin. It was an event that

changed his life forever and was the impetus for a number of

classic literary works that helped to change the world.

Shortly after Sz. was released from camp, Stalin died and, after a

power struggle at the top of the Kremlin, Nikita Khruschev

emerged as the new Communist Party chief. While in some ways

Khruschev was a breath of fresh air, as he launched a

reevaluation of Stalin”s almost 30 years of dictatorial power and

bloodshed, he was also highly inconsistent when it came to his

cultural policies. He was extremely distrustful of writers. Boris

Pasternak was vilified for the publication abroad of “Doctor

Zhivago” in 1958 and forbidden to accept the Nobel Prize for

Literature. Others had their works banned. In 1962, Khruschev

had declared “Do you know how things began in Hungary? [The

”56 Revolution there.] It all began with the Union of Writers.”

Nonetheless, in 1962 Khruschev sat down to read Sz.”s

“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” the tale of one inmate”s

endurance of oppression in the labor camps. Khruschev allowed

the work to be published, thereby breaking open the silence on

the appallingly harsh treatment of political prisoners under

Stalin”s regime.

[Again, contradictorily, Khruschev played a decisive role in

having several millions of Stalin”s victims released from the

camps, yet he vigorously persecuted religion, closing many

thousands of churches.]

Sz. now felt he was free to undermine the Soviet system. Before

“One Day…” established him as a literary genius, he had been an

obscure provincial teacher of math and physics. Asked about the

secret of his art, he replied, “When you”ve been pitched headfirst

into hell, you just write about it.” While in prison, he told himself

he had “entered into the inheritance of every modern writer intent

on the truth…I must write simply to ensure that it was not

forgotten, that posterity might some day come to know of it.”

Before the publication of “One Day…” his earliest writings were

squeezed into an empty champagne bottle and buried in his

garden.

Now, however, his life was changed forever and, while

Khruschev may have liked his first published work, others in

Russia didn”t. The KGB had it out for him. Sz. was codenamed

PAUK, “Spider.” In 1965 they did a sweep and found proof that

“Sz. indulges in politically damaging statements and disseminates

slanderous fabrications.”

By the late 1960s, the dissident movement in the Soviet Union

was beginning to stir. Many of them were Jewish. In 1970

Andrei Sakharov (a prestigious member of the Academy of

Science and leading figure in Soviet nuclear development) and

others founded the ”Human Rights Committee.” Sz. and

Sakharov became the primary targets of the KGB chief, Yuri

Andropov (who had taken over in 1967).

[Before I continue, Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union

became an increasingly important international issue. Soviet

Ambassador to the U.S., Anatoly Dobrynin, has written that the

“misguided Soviet policy that resisted Jewish emigration and

viewed any demand for it as a reproof to our Socialist paradise

(was a disaster). That anyone should have the temerity to want to

leave it was taken as a rank insult!” The idea of expanding

Jewish emigration had actually been the brainchild of the Nixon

administration. Prior to 1969, such emigration had never been on

the agenda of the East – West dialogue. In 1968, only 400 Jews

were allowed to emigrate. By 1973 the annual figure had reached

35,000.]

Andropov was at increasing odds with the ruling Soviet

Politburo, which refused to deal with Sakharov, Sz., and the other

dissidents. Andropov, whose experience was shaped as a KGB

operative during the Hungarian revolution, warned that the failure

to act not only enraged honest Soviet citizens but also

encouraged “certain circles of the intelligentsia and youth to flout

authority.” Their motto, he claimed, was “Act boldly, publicly,

involve Western correspondents, rely on the support of the

bourgeois press, and no one will dare touch you.”

By 1970 Andropov wanted Sz. expelled upon his receiving the

Nobel Prize for Literature in October 1970. “When analyzing the

materials on Sz. and his works, one cannot fail to arrive at the

conclusion that we are dealing with a political opponent of the

Soviet state and social system. If Sz. continues to reside in the

country after receiving the Nobel Prize, it will strengthen his

position, and allow him to propagandize his views more actively.”

Meanwhile, Communist Party Chief Leonid Brezhnev thought Sz.

would be won over.

Andropov stepped up his harassment of Sz. Once in 1971, when

Sz. was away, a friend of the writer had stopped by his home to

check on things when he surprised two KGB officers who were

searching for subversive manuscripts. Other KGB men quickly

appeared and the friend was badly beaten. Andropov ordered

Sz. to be “informed that the participation of the KGB in this

incident is a figment of his imagination.”

In 1972 Andropov tried to persuade the Politburo again to expel

Sz., providing evidence that “he was deliberately and irrevocably

embarked on the path of struggle with the Soviet government.”

But the Politburo continued to balk.

Andropov tried everything. The main fear was that dissident

writers like Sz. would smuggle their manuscripts out to the West

for publication. Andropov once tried to recruit pianist Miroka

Kokornaya as a plant. Since the pianist regularly went on tours,

the KGB chief hoped that Sz. would hand his manuscripts to

Kokornaya, thinking they would find their way out of the country.

It didn”t work.

In 1973 Sz. and Sakharov stepped up their criticism of

concessions they saw the U.S. as making to the Soviet Union.

Sz. wrote a “Letter to the Soviet Leaders” before his exile.

“Your dearest wish is for our state structure and our ideological

system never to change, to remain as they are for centuries. But

history is not like that. Every system either finds a way to

develop or else it collapses.”

Andropov was now a full voting member of the Politburo and on

Feb. 14, 1974, Sz. was forcibly put on board an Aeroflot flight to

Frankfurt by KGB officers. He was the first man removed from

the Soviet Union in this manner since Leon Trotsky.

Sz. moved to Zurich and soon, unwittingly, counted Soviet agents

amongst his most trusted advisers (a ploy frequently applied by

the KGB). It was tougher to tell one”s friends from foes outside

of home.

Andropov reported to the Politburo that Sz. was hatching

subversive plans against the U.S.S.R. Sz.”s latest novel, “The

Gulag Archipelago,” was selling fast in the U.S.

In September of ”74, Andropov approved a plan to destabilize Sz.

and his family. A series of hostile books and articles were

sponsored by the KGB. There were constant threats against his

children and the sending of suspicious packages which looked as

if they might contain explosives. Finally, by 1976 he decided to

move to the U.S.

Sz. thus became embroiled in controversy of a different type.

President Gerald Ford refused to receive him. Liberals blamed

the administration for being too weak in defending humanitarian

issues, especially Jewish emigration and the plight of Soviet

dissidents. Conservatives found nothing good in the current

SALT talks (on the reduction of nuclear weapons) and accused

Ford of being “too submissive to the Russians.”

Sz. decided to speak out. As the authors of “The Sword and the

Shield” spell out, “He was dismayed by what he saw as Western

indifference to the Soviet menace. He took to denouncing,

sometimes in apocalyptic tones, the moral failings of a West he

did not fully understand.” Sz. settled in Vermont, becoming a

virtual recluse.

In 1978 Sz. gave a commencement speech at Harvard wherein he

spoke of the materialism and selfish individualism of the West.

The New York Times and the Washington Post both criticized

him.

Next week we will go into more detail on his Harvard speech as

well as other musings of his about the West and its relationship

with the old Soviet Union and today”s Russia.

Sources: “Russia: A History” Gregory Freeze

“In Confidence” Anatoly Dobrynin

“The Oxford History of the 20th Century”

Michael Howard & Wm. Roger Louis

“Diplomacy” Henry Kissinger

“The Sword and the Shield” Christopher Andrew &

Vasili Mitrokhin

“Lenin”s Tomb” David Remnick

Brian Trumbore